Updated: July 14, 2023 |
By
Greg Graziani is a New York state-licensed CPA with over eight years of experience performing assurance, advisory, and consulting services for clients in a variety of industries. Greg earned his MS in Accounting from Bentley University and currently resides in Tampa, Florida.
As an FP&A leader in a growing business, you understand the pivotal role of accurate financial forecasting in strategic decision-making. But how often do you find your forecasts hitting the mark?
Financial variance analysis can be used as a tool to refine your forecasting precision.
Let’s dive deeper into financial variance analysis and explore steps you can take today to enhance forecasting accuracy.
Solutions Architect, Cube Software
Financial forecasts are only useful when they’re accurate. If you discover a forecast is flawed, there's only one thing to do—determine why, and make adjustments. This is the goal of financial variance analysis.
Let’s say you prepare a budget for a project, and you think it’s pretty solid. But after the project is executed, you discover a problem: it ended up costing more than your budget estimated. What happened?
Financial variance analysis would help you answer that question. By rectifying the issue, you can ensure future budgets are more accurate and effective at guiding decision-making and resource allocation.
A variance refers to any kind of discrepancy between what was forecasted and the actual results. There are two primary types of variances:
A favorable variance occurs when the actual financial result is better than the budgeted or planned figure. For example, if the actual sales revenue is higher than the budgeted revenue or actual costs are lower than the budgeted costs.
An unfavorable variance occurs when the actual financial result is worse than the budgeted or planned figure. For instance, if the actual sales revenue is lower than the budgeted revenue or actual costs are higher than budgeted costs.
At first glance, a favorable variance might seem like a good thing. But remember, if there’s any variance at all, it means you aren't optimally allocating resources. That extra money could have been put toward another project!
Financial variance analysis is more than just a general overview of your budget. Rather, it's a comprehensive process that provides a detailed understanding of specific accounting categories or performance metrics—such as revenue or profitability.
By focusing on these aspects, variance analysis can offer more actionable insights that can influence future financial decision-making.
Let's take a closer look at some specific types of financial variance analysis:
Price variance analysis looks at the difference between planned-for and actual costs of manufacturing products.
In manufacturing, the standard cost is the expected cost per unit. Similarly, standard quantity is the expected quantity of materials per unit.
The formula for calculating price variance is:
Price variance = (actual cost - standard cost) x actual quantity
Using standard costs allows for more precise variance analysis than budgeted costs. That's because they break down elements like materials, labor costs, or overhead, permitting targeted responses.
Fixed overhead volume variance shows the relationship between your fixed overhead costs (like rent) and production.
Essentially, it shows whether that fixed overhead is cost-effective based on the corresponding level of production. A negative fixed overhead volume variance suggests you're underutilizing fixed resources.
The formula for calculating the fixed overhead volume variance is:
Fixed overhead volume variance = (budgeted quantity - actual quantity) * budgeted fixed overhead rate
Variable overhead refers to costs that change based on production levels, like direct labor wages or indirect materials. So, you should be able to project these costs based on past data.
The formula for calculating variable overhead spending variance is:
Variable overhead spending variance = (actual variable overhead rate - standard variable overhead rate) * actual quantity of the cost driver
If actual costs vary from what you projected, you'd use variable overhead spending variance to investigate. Potential issues might include inefficient production processes or an increase in direct material costs.
Following these steps allows you to pinpoint where your company's performance aligns with expectations and where it diverges, providing you with the actionable insights needed to navigate towards greater financial success.
Benchmarks serve as a reference point against which actual performance can be measured, and they play a pivotal role in revealing the extent of variance in your business operations.
Establishing benchmarks based on historical data, industry standards, and/or competitor performance can help you build specific but realistic targets for your business.
Having established your benchmarks, the next step is the gathering and evaluation of pertinent data. This involves collecting actual figures and comparing them to your standard or budgeted figures to identify any variances.
For instance, let's say you want to look at the variance in direct material costs budgeted for a specific period. You'd look at actual costs, standard costs, actual quantities, and standard quantities. Relevant data sources would include purchase orders, material requisitions, and inventory records.
You’d then scrutinize collected data for errors and compare different sources to find inconsistencies.
When you're looking at a variance between total budgeted and actual costs, determining its size is easy. All you'd have to do is subtract the actual amount from the budgeted amount, and there's your dollar variance.
To display the variance as a percentage, you’d divide the actual amount by the forecasted amount, subtract 1, then multiply the result by 100.
If you're looking at a specific metric, determining variances can be a bit more complicated. Continuing with the example of direct material costs, you'd use the following calculation:
(Actual quantity used x standard cost) - (budgeted quantity x standard cost)
Why so complicated? Well, looking at direct material costs requires the use of standard costs and quantities. This allows for a more granular assessment of the causes of the variance (material waste, production inefficiencies, etc.).
Trend and sensitivity analysis allows you to squeeze the most information possible out of your variance analysis process.
Trend analysis shows how specific variances are changing over time. This can be helpful in showing how effective your variances analysis is at uncovering the causes of variances.
For example, say you're focusing on a quantity variance. If you notice that the difference between your projected and actual quantities used is decreasing over time, there's a good chance your solution has successfully targeted the cause(s) of the variance.
Sensitivity analysis, on the other hand, helps show which variables are most likely to increase or decrease variance. Here, the variance you're looking at is the dependent variable.
Say the dependent variable is revenue variance. You pair that with an independent variable (e.g., sales volume) and see how tweaking that affects the variance.
Once you've discovered a variance, the next step will be to determine its significance.
It's important to realize there will always be some kind of variance since even the tightest forecast can't be 100% accurate. The question is whether or not the variance is acceptable, and the answer depends on your company's specific benchmarks.
If you're an organization with low production costs, for example, a 1% variance might not be so important. If you're an organization with a highly efficient production process, though, it may be!
If the variance is something that's occurring across your industry, it may also be considered acceptable. Regardless, it's still important to determine the cause of the variance. Doing so will make you better at forecasting and help you determine a proper response if the variance isn't acceptable.
To determine the cause of the variance, you should:
Revisit your budget. Inaccurate expectations can often be blamed for variances. Use historical data and industry benchmarks to readjust and set more realistic targets.
Consult other components of your FP&A. For instance, maybe there's been a change in customer demand or regulations you'd discover by evaluating your sales forecast. Involve relevant departments in your investigation, as each will have an innate sense of how much money they need for projects, and what factors might affect their ability to hit targets.
List potential causes and prioritize them based on significance and likelihood. You can then analyze these causes through techniques like variance decomposition, regression analysis, and trend and sensitivity analysis. You should also leverage data visualization tools so that you can clearly see the relationship between different variables.
Once you have your data-backed hypothesis as to the cause of a variance, you'll need to present your findings to stakeholders. Possible corrective actions can be devised through a collaborative process (e.g., regular workshops).
Consider both short and long-term solutions and focus on addressing the root cause rather than just treating symptoms. For instance, if the variance in sales revenue is due to ineffective marketing campaigns, a short-term solution could be to target specific customer segments or optimize advertising channels. A long-term solution, however, may involve conducting market research to better understand customer preferences.
Now that you know which steps to include in your financial variance analysis, here are a few best practices to help ensure its effectiveness.
The finance function doesn't operate in isolation. It's interconnected with all other business areas. Therefore, fostering cross-functional collaboration and communication is critical.
By working closely with other departments, you can gain comprehensive business insights and ensure that financial forecasts are firmly grounded in the realities of the company’s operations. Regular interactions can keep everyone aligned on objectives, enabling a holistic and more accurate forecasting process.
Embedding a culture of data-driven decision-making within your FP&A team can significantly enhance forecasting accuracy.
Encourage your team to base their predictions, assumptions, and strategic choices on reliable and relevant data. By leaning into the facts and figures, your team can move beyond guesswork and intuition, making decisions and forecasts that are rational, informed, and defensible.
Financial forecasts should not be set in stone. They need to evolve with changing business conditions and new information, so it's important to establish regular review cycles where forecasts are examined in light of the latest data.
If a significant variance is found during these review sessions, forecasts should be adjusted accordingly. This approach ensures your forecasts remain relevant and accurate, reflecting the current state of your business and the market.
Leveraging technology and automation is key to efficient financial variance analysis.
Modern FP&A tools can automate data collection and analysis, reducing manual effort and the risk of errors. They can also provide real-time insights and predictive analytics capabilities that can greatly enhance the accuracy of your forecasts. Embracing technology can not only make your FP&A processes more efficient but also enable more sophisticated and accurate financial forecasting.
By implementing these best practices, you can ensure that your financial variance analysis truly serves its purpose—enhancing the accuracy of your financial forecasts and guiding your organization toward its financial goals.
Financial variance analysis can act as a compass guiding your business toward its financial goals. It offers a lens to closely examine deviations in your financial performance, allowing you to refine your forecasting process and enhance accuracy.
Following these steps is an excellent way to set your business up for success. To learn how Cube can further simplify the forecasting process and boost your company’s chances of hitting its numbers, request a free demo today.
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